In addition, selected experiments are reported that show up the potential of quantum theory and, by the way, tell us of the ingenuity of the researchers. It is my goal to discuss thoroughly the basic quantum mechanical concepts, such as quantum states and their preparation, quantum mechanical uncertainty, quantum correlations and quantum measurement. (As a side-effect, the book will be easier to read than usual textbooks in which mathematics is predominant.) To elucidate the novel features displayed by the quantum world, comparison is made with classical physics whenever possible, thus emphasizing the anti-intuitive (in German: ‘unanschaulich’) character of the new physics. Emphasis is laid on the physical aspects rather than the formal apparatus. This is an unconventional introduction to quantum mechanics. Philosophy 5.1 Schrödinger’s cat states 5.2 The EPR paradox 5.3 Causality and nonobjectifiability 5.4 Protection against eavesdropping 5.5 EPR correlations and hidden variables 6 Interaction 6.1 Atomic structures 6.2 Transitions 6.3 Scattering 6.4 Tunnelling effect 7 Conservation laws 7.1 Energy and momentum conservation 7.2 Angular momentum conservation 8 Spin and statistics 8.1 Photons and electrons 8.2 Bose–Einstein condensation 8.3 Statistics 8.4 Symmetry 9 Macroscopic quantum effects 9.1 Quantum mechanics casts its shadows before it 9.2 Superconductivity 9.3 Quantum Hall effect 10 Quantum computing 10.1 Why quantum computing? 10.2 Qubits 10.3 How might a quantum computer work? 10.4 Effective quantum algorithms References Indexĩ3 93 95 97 99 100 105 105 109 114 119 124 124 128 130 130 132 134 140 144 144 145 154 159 159 160 162 167 173 175
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Preface 1 Unexpected findings 1.1 Prelude: a new constant enters the stage 1.2 Observing the invisible 1.3 Indeterminism 1.4 Wave–particle dualism and a new kind of uncertainty 1.5 Quantized energies 2 Quantum states 2.1 Elements of the quantum mechanical formalism 2.2 Pure states 2.3 Mixed states 2.4 Wigner function 2.5 How to describe a single system? 2.6 State preparation 2.7 State reconstruction 3 Measurement 3.1 Spin measurement 3.2 Balanced homodyne detection 3.3 Utilizing resonance fluorescence 3.4 Null measurement 3.5 Simultaneous measurement of conjugate variables 3.6 Characteristic features of quantum measurement 4 Correlations 4.1 Field correlations 4.2 γ –γ angular correlations 4.3 Entanglement 4.4 Quantum fluctuations 4.5 Amplifier noise First published in print format 2008Ĭambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
Paul 2008 This publication is in copyright. HARRY PAUL Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinĬambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: © H. His research interests are in nuclear physics and quantum theory, especially laser theory, nonlinear optics and quantum optics. Harry Paul is a retired Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Institute of Physics, Humboldt University Berlin. This book is ideal for undergraduate and graduate students in quantum theory and quantum optics. Theoretical discussions are combined with a description of the corresponding experimental results. Physical, rather than formal, explanations are given, and mathematical formalism is kept to a minimum so that readers can understand the concepts. Looking to the future, the author discusses the exciting prospects for quantum computing. Macroscopic quantum effects of practical relevance, for example, superconductivity and the quantum Hall effect, are also described. Emphasis is given to modern achievements such as entanglement, quantum teleportation, and Bose–Einstein condensation. Providing a deeper understanding of the microscopic world through quantum theory, this supplementary text covers a wider range of topics than conventional textbooks. I N T RODUCT ION TO QUA NTUM THEORY Since its emergence in the early twentieth century, quantum theory has become the fundamental physical paradigm, and is essential to our understanding of the world.
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